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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. It is still healthier than expected. The country is searching for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. There are indications of a secularist culture trend forming. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metallurgy business, making iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon papermaking, block printing, art styles and written language to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded on the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the majority of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and sometimes required them to join the army or participate in government projects such as building fortifications. At the close of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and clashed against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families and had to be obeyed and respected by everyone, even their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This significantly improved communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious goods like amazonite jewelry being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are widespread throughout the country. In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not consider to be a valid Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935. As Korea enters a post-crisis phase, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. Those who are horrified by the enormous cost of the old system support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand those who support the old system are seeking to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses. The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas evolution towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution: illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also highlights the most important factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this group. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs; and 17% said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar number of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier types of life. In the past of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. The event attracted a large audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders. The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The inauguration event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and was well-received by the public. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it covered its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches. One instance of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised the money and support needed to build a small museum on campus showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized a network of local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to school children and other community groups. Evolution in South Korea In the latter half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. During this period the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. visit the next internet site were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other musical instruments. The economic crisis has formed Korea's new paradigm of development. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline schemes that have been a part of the system before the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas and also by a migrant from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border. The decline of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. However, his rule was short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an heir state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.