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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes of living organisms can lead to their development over time. This includes the development of new species as well as the transformation of the appearance of existing species. This has been demonstrated by many examples of stickleback fish species that can be found in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect varieties that have a preference for specific host plants. These are mostly reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all living organisms that inhabit our planet for ages. The most widely accepted explanation is Darwin's natural selection, which is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more effectively than those that are less well adapted. As time passes, the number of well-adapted individuals becomes larger and eventually creates an entirely new species. Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of three factors: variation, reproduction and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity within the species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of a person's genetic characteristics, which includes recessive and dominant genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of producing viable, fertile offspring. This can be done through sexual or asexual methods. Natural selection only occurs when all these elements are in equilibrium. For example the case where the dominant allele of a gene causes an organism to survive and reproduce more frequently than the recessive one, the dominant allele will be more common within the population. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will disappear from the population. The process is self-reinforced, which means that an organism with a beneficial characteristic will survive and reproduce more than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The greater an organism's fitness which is measured by its ability to reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it can produce. Individuals with favorable traits, like the long neck of the giraffe, or bright white patterns on male peacocks are more likely to others to live and reproduce which eventually leads to them becoming the majority. Natural selection is only an element in the population and not on individuals. 에볼루션바카라 is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution that states that animals acquire traits due to use or lack of use. For example, if a giraffe's neck gets longer through stretching to reach prey and its offspring will inherit a more long neck. The length difference between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck becomes too long to not breed with other giraffes. Evolution through Genetic Drift In genetic drift, the alleles of a gene could attain different frequencies in a group through random events. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated through natural selection), and the rest of the alleles will diminish in frequency. In the extreme it can lead to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small group it could lead to the complete elimination of the recessive allele. Such a scenario would be called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that occurs when a lot of individuals move to form a new group. A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when survivors of a disaster, such as an epidemic or mass hunting event, are concentrated into a small area. The survivors will have an dominant allele, and will share the same phenotype. This could be caused by a war, earthquake or even a disease. The genetically distinct population, if it remains, could be susceptible to genetic drift. Walsh Lewens and Ariew utilize Lewens, Walsh and Ariew employ a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any deviation from the expected values for different fitness levels. They cite a famous example of twins that are genetically identical, have the exact same phenotype and yet one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces. This type of drift is vital to the evolution of a species. This isn't the only method for evolution. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migration keep phenotypic diversity within the population. Stephens argues that there is a big distinction between treating drift as a force, or a cause and treating other causes of evolution, such as selection, mutation and migration as causes or causes. He claims that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us differentiate it from other forces, and this distinction is essential. He further argues that drift is a directional force: that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a specific magnitude that is determined by the size of the population. Evolution through Lamarckism Students of biology in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, commonly called “Lamarckism is based on the idea that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms through inheriting characteristics that result from the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism can be demonstrated by a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher branches in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to their offspring, who would then get taller. Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he introduced an original idea that fundamentally challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. In his opinion living things had evolved from inanimate matter through an escalating series of steps. 에볼루션바카라 was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one having given the subject its first general and comprehensive treatment. The prevailing story is that Lamarckism grew into an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection and that the two theories fought it out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits can be passed down through generations and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective influence of environmental factors, such as Natural Selection. While Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries also paid lip-service to this notion, it was never a major feature in any of their evolutionary theories. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically tested. It's been over 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of age genomics there is a growing body of evidence that supports the heritability-acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as “neo Lamarckism”, or more generally epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is as reliable as the popular neodarwinian model. Evolution through adaptation One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is its being driven by a struggle to survive. In reality, this notion misrepresents natural selection and ignores the other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be more effectively described as a struggle to survive within a specific environment, which may include not just other organisms, but as well the physical environment. To understand how evolution works it is beneficial to think about what adaptation is. The term “adaptation” refers to any specific characteristic that allows an organism to live and reproduce within its environment. It could be a physical feature, like fur or feathers. It could also be a trait of behavior that allows you to move to the shade during hot weather, or coming out to avoid the cold at night. An organism's survival depends on its ability to obtain energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism needs to have the right genes to generate offspring, and it should be able to locate enough food and other resources. The organism must also be able reproduce itself at an amount that is appropriate for its specific niche. These elements, along with gene flow and mutations, can lead to a shift in the proportion of different alleles in a population’s gene pool. The change in frequency of alleles can lead to the emergence of new traits, and eventually, new species in the course of time. Many of the characteristics we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, such as lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation, long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. To comprehend adaptation it is essential to differentiate between physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physiological adaptations, like thick fur or gills, are physical characteristics, whereas behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to seek out companions or to retreat to the shade during hot weather, aren't. Additionally, it is important to note that a lack of forethought does not mean that something is an adaptation. Inability to think about the effects of a behavior even if it seems to be rational, may cause it to be unadaptive.